The International Journal of Educational Sciences and Arts
The International Journal of Educational Sciences and Arts (IJESA) is an international refereed scientific journal specialized in the fields of education, libraries and information, languages, psychology, sociology, philosophy, history, geography, archeology, media, and political sciences. It is published by the publishing house “Vision for Scientific Research and Publishing” located in London, United Kingdom. Which is managed by academics with long scientific experiences. The journal is interested in publishing scientific research that contains originality, modernity, and scientific methodology, which constitute a useful scientific addition, whether in Arabic or English. The research published in the journal is subject to an arbitration process by a group of specialized academic professors from many countries of the world. The journal is also responsible for indexing and archiving Arab scientific and knowledge production in major international scientific databases. ISSN 2976-7237 (Online) Journal DOI: https://doi.org/10.59992/ijesa.issn.2976-7237
Vision for Scientific Research and Publishing
Planning Practices in the Planning Entities at the Ministry of Education in the Sultanate of Oman and their Relation to Job Happiness among Planning Employees from their perspectives.
The present study aimed to identify the relationship between the level of planning practices in the planning entities at the Ministry of Education in the Sultanate of Oman and the level of job happiness among their employees from their own perspectives. The study adopted the descriptive correlational approach, and a questionnaire was used as the study instrument. The questionnaire consisted of 54 items distributed into two dimensions: 29 items measuring planning practices and 25 items measuring job happiness. After verifying the validity and reliability of the instrument, it was administered to a sample of 189 participants, including 149 male employees and 40 female employees. The findings revealed that the level of planning practices in the planning entities at the Ministry of Education in the Sultanate of Oman, as perceived by the employees, was moderate. The findings also indicated that the level of job happiness among the employees in the planning entities was moderate. The study further concluded that there was a strong, positive, and statistically significant correlation between the level of planning practices in the planning entities and the level of job happiness among their employees. This indicates that the higher the level of planning practices, the higher the level of job happiness among employees. Based on the findings, the study recommends strengthening the planning entities with competent employees holding specialized academic qualifications in the field of planning, rather than relying solely on years of experience in the educational field. It also recommends promoting decentralization within the planning entities in the educational directorates across the governorates.
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Evidence and Claims Regarding the Narrative of Ghazi Al-Gosaibi's "Apartment of Freedom": A Study in the Structure of Digital Reception Argumentation
This study aims to uncover the argumentative structure of digital reader reviews that support the claim that Ghazi Al-Qusaibi’s The Freedom Apartment (Shaqqat al-Hurriyah) is autobiographical. It examines how readers move from identifying clues both within and beyond the novel to constructing claims that link the fictional narrative to the author’s life. The study draws on a qualitative corpus consisting of thirty-four excerpts from reader reviews published on Goodreads, selected through criterion-based purposive sampling because of their direct relevance to the relationship between the novel and Al-Qusaibi’s life. Perelman’s theory of argumentation serves as the primary analytical framework, supplemented by qualitative content analysis for classifying the clues and by linguistic markers for tracing varying degrees of certainty, probability, and categorical assertion. The analysis reveals a range of clues employed by readers, most notably correspondences between the novel’s events and the author’s biography, the identification of fictional characters with the author or with real individuals, appeals to the perceived realism of events, the attribution of characters’ ideas and concerns to the author, reliance on external testimonies, and certain metanarrative and generic indicators. The findings further show that the strength of autobiographical attribution is determined not merely by the presence of a clue, but by the ways in which clues are ordered, combined, and transformed into inferential pathways. The author’s denial of the novel’s autobiographical character did not eliminate such suspicion; rather, in some reviews, it became a counter-discourse with which readers renegotiated through varying degrees of doubt, probability, and certainty. The study concludes that digital reception does more than interpret the literary text: it produces an argumentative discourse that reconstructs the relationship among author, literary work, and autobiography.
The Role of Knowledge Management in Project Management Maturity
Effective project management that drives organizations toward excellence and success represents a competitive advantage pursued by many organizations. In light of the rapid developments and challenges facing these organizations, increasing efforts are being made to achieve maturity in project management. This represents a stage at which an organization is equipped to execute its projects efficiently and effectively through the adoption of best practices, as well as appropriate approaches, tools, and methodologies that support the achievement of its strategic objectives. Knowledge management (KM) is regarded as one of the most important tools and systematic requirements for making sound decisions and achieving excellence and success in project management. Its significance stems from its role as a fundamental source of organizational competitive advantage, enabling organizations to operate more effectively and productively. Accordingly, it is essential to strengthen the integration between knowledge management capabilities and project management in order to achieve the desired objectives. Therefore, this study seeks to investigate the vital and prominent role of knowledge management in project management maturity and in enhancing the likelihood of project success. It also aims to clarify the relationship between the two concepts in order to enable organizations to adopt knowledge management processes and strategies and strengthen their ability to improve the maturity of their project management practices. The researcher adopted a documentary research methodology to review relevant studies and literature, with the aim of exploring the relationships between knowledge management and project management maturity, identifying prominent international maturity models, and determining the best practices and approaches for more effectively leveraging knowledge in project implementation and management. The study concluded that knowledge management plays a significant role in project management by supporting project objectives, fostering organizational culture, creating added value, and strengthening competitive advantage. The findings further demonstrated that knowledge management can serve as an indicator of project management maturity through the integration of knowledge management practices into project management and the achievement of effective synergy between the two. Knowledge management constitutes a fundamental pillar that can drive organizations toward project success and enhance the maturity of their project management practices. It is also a critical factor in mitigating potential risks and reducing the time and cost required for project completion. Furthermore, knowledge management is closely associated with innovation and the ability to generate new knowledge. The study proposes several recommendations, most notably the development of a model incorporating an additional criterion for assessing project management maturity from a knowledge management perspective, including the extent to which organizations employ best practices for managing project-related knowledge. It also recommends continuously evaluating project management processes within organizations to achieve the highest possible level of project management maturity. In addition, the establishment of a global knowledge repository is recommended to document and facilitate the exchange of organizational knowledge and experiences concerning successful knowledge management practices and strategies for improving project management maturity. Finally, knowledge management should be incorporated as an integral component of the comprehensive governance framework for project management methodologies, rather than being treated as an additional or supplementary practice.
Anxiety and Working Memory Load: A Psycholinguistic Investigation into Oral and Written Production Deficits Among Iraqi EFL Learners
Anxiety is considered as a major emotion factor affecting the performance of EFL learners. In Iraq, students' interaction with English is limited to the classroom and traditional teaching based on teacher-learner relations is the main teaching style. Thus, many learners face significant difficulties in the production of the language particularly in terms of speaking and writing. The current study investigates the correlation between foreign language anxiety (FLA) and language production (LP) of Iraqi university EFL learners. In Iraq, the instruction of English is mainly in teacher controlled classroom environments, making it difficult for students to learn to speak and write English. Data were gathered from students of the English Department using a Quantitative design approach via an anxiety questionnaire and speaking/writing task. The descriptive statistics and correlation analyses were then performed. From the results, it can be seen that the moderate to high levels of anxiety experienced by most of the learners is evident. There was a strong negative correlation between levels of anxiety and speaking skills, such as being less fluent, accurate and participating. Writing was also impacted, but less so. This result aligns with the previous studies that showed that speaking is more susceptible to anxiety because it is used immediately and the speaker fears to be evaluated. The study recommends that mitigating factors of anxiety can help to enhance total language performance.
The Effectiveness of a Digital Learning Platform Based on Research-Based Learning in Developing the Cognitive Aspect of Scientific Research Skills among Gifted Students
The study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a digital learning platform based on Research-Based Learning (RBL) in developing the cognitive aspect of scientific research skills among gifted secondary school students. A quasi-experimental one-group pretest–posttest design was employed, with a sample of 30 gifted male and female secondary school students. To achieve the study objective, a digital learning platform was developed using Moodle Cloud based on the Dick and Carey instructional design model. The platform content was grounded in Research-Based Learning and included knowledge and concepts related to scientific research skills. The study instrument was a 25-item cognitive achievement test, administered before and after the intervention to measure students’ cognitive achievement in scientific research skills. The results showed a statistically significant improvement in students’ posttest performance compared with their pretest performance, indicating the effectiveness of the digital learning platform in developing the cognitive aspect of scientific research skills. The effect size was also large (Cohen’s d ≈ 2.00), demonstrating a substantial educational effect of the platform. Furthermore, no statistically significant differences were found between gifted male and female students’ posttest achievement scores. The study recommends expanding the use of digital learning platforms based on Research-Based Learning, incorporating scientific research skills in a systematic and progressive manner into educational and enrichment programs for gifted secondary school students. It also recommends designing digital learning environments for gifted students that promote self-directed learning, interaction, practical application, and feedback, rather than merely presenting cognitive content in a traditional manner.
The Level of Ethical Leadership Practice Among Secondary School Female Principals in Medina
The study aimed to identify the extent to which ethical leadership is practiced in its various dimensions (organizational identity, integrity, transparency, justice, and fairness) among female high school principals in Madinah and to identify the challenges facing the practice of ethical leadership among them. The researcher employed the descriptive survey approach as the most appropriate methodology for the objectives of the study and used the questionnaire as the data collection tool. The study population consisted of all female secondary school teachers in Madinah, totaling 3,002 teachers, while the study sample comprised a random sample of 187 teachers. To achieve the study’s objectives and analyze its data, Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used. The study’s findings indicated that the level of ethical leadership practice across its dimensions (organizational identity, integrity, transparency, justice, and fairness) among female high school principals in Madinah, as viewed by teachers, was very high, with an arithmetic mean of 4.25. The results also indicated that the challenges facing the practice of ethical leadership among female high school principals in Madinah were rated as moderate, with an overall mean of 2.71. The study recommended emphasizing the importance of raising awareness about the significance of ethical leadership in the school environment and encouraging female high school principals in Madinah to adopt ethical behaviors in school administration in a manner that achieves the goals of the educational process. It also recommended developing a procedural guide that clarifies ethical leadership practices in the school environment and working to establish objective criteria that contribute to the selection of school leaders in accordance with ethical leadership standards.
Anticipatory Body Language and its Relationship to Trauma
The present study aims to investigate the level of self-reported awareness of anticipatory body signals and its relationship to psychological trauma among a sample of adults. In this study, anticipatory body signals refer to the self-reported perception of physiological and behavioral responses that individuals experience proactively before a threatening event occurs, including perceived changes in heart rate, muscle tension, breathing patterns, and sweating, as well as predictive motor behaviors. The study adopted a descriptive-correlational design. The sample consisted of (200) adults, including (108) males and (92) females, selected through stratified random sampling based on sex and age group. Two self-report instruments were used: the Anticipatory Body Signals Scale (35 items) and the Psychological Trauma Scale (30 items), whose validity was established through face validity and construct validity (item discrimination, item-total correlations, and exploratory factor analysis), and reliability through Cronbach's alpha and test-retest methods. Results revealed a statistically significant positive correlation (r = 0.58, p < 0.01, R² = 0.34) between self-reported anticipatory body signals and psychological trauma, with a large effect size according to Cohen's (1988) criteria. Simple linear regression showed that psychological trauma accounted for 34% of the variance in anticipatory body signals. Key limitations include the reliance on self-report measures rather than direct physiological assessment, and the cross-sectional design which precludes causal inference. Based on the findings, conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions were presented.
The Symbolic Significance in the Dramatic Structure of Ahmad Shawqi's Poetry: Selected Forms
In Ahmed Shawqi's poetry, symbolism is an effective artistic tool interwoven with the structure of the poetic text, never separate from its elements and components. It interacts with the event, dialogue, and description, contributing to shaping situations and guiding the poem's dramatic trajectory. It also allows the poet to transcend direct expression, employing suggestion and allusion, and to move from partial to holistic meaning, thus deepening the poetic experience and intensifying its psychological, intellectual, and historical dimensions. Consequently, symbolism becomes an artistic means of condensing meaning and infusing the poetic scene with vitality, in addition to contributing to the construction of dramatic movement and enriching the inherent meanings within the text. The functions of symbolism in Ahmed Shawqi's work are multifaceted; it plays a crucial role in dramatic construction through its interaction with the event, dialogue, and description, contributing to the development of situations and movement within the poem. Furthermore, it deepens meaning by moving beyond direct meaning to broader connotations connected to the poet's vision and his intellectual, psychological, and historical stances. Symbolism also contributes to intensifying the poetic experience, granting the poet the ability to express experiences and situations in multiple evocative forms, without being confined to explicit expression. Furthermore, symbolism activates the role of the reader, opening avenues for reflection, interpretation, and the uncovering of meanings hidden behind the text's apparent structure. Thus, in Shawqi's poetry, symbolism is not isolated from the poem's overall context, but rather interacts with its various components, becoming an active element in shaping its artistic and semantic structure. It serves as a means of moving from the surface meaning to its depths, thereby enhancing the poem's ability to express human and intellectual dimensions and imbuing it with evocative power that enriches the poetic experience and deepens its impact on the reader. This study aims to examine symbolism in the poetry of Ahmad Shawqi, revealing its patterns, connotations, and artistic functions, and demonstrating its contribution to the poem's construction and the formation of its dramatic structure. This study aims to analyze how the poet employs symbolism, particularly symbols of time, place, and character, to reveal their psychological, intellectual, and historical dimensions. It also seeks to demonstrate their ability to shift the poem from direct expression to suggestion and allusion, thereby deepening the poetic experience and enriching its meanings. Furthermore, it aims to highlight the effectiveness of symbolism in the interaction of dramatic elements—event, dialogue, and description—and its role in developing situations and dramatic action. Finally, it explores the impact of symbolism in stimulating the reader's engagement, opening avenues for interpretation, and uncovering the hidden meanings within the text. The research utilizes a semiotic approach to reading signs and symbols and analyzing their semantic levels, enabling the discovery of meanings that transcend their direct connotations to reach deeper suggestive and symbolic dimensions.
Total Quality Management (TQM) and its Role in Achieving School Accreditation Standards in Public Education Schools in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
This research aimed to analyze the role of Total Quality Management (TQM) in activating school accreditation standards in public education schools in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It examined the relationship between TQM principles and school accreditation requirements, analyzed the Saudi public education context in light of quality and accreditation trends, and identified ways to benefit from continuous improvement, institutional participation, stakeholder focus, and data-based decision-making. The research adopted the documentary/library method by analyzing educational literature, official documents, and relevant previous studies. The findings indicated that school accreditation represents a practical application of TQM principles; however, its effectiveness depends on transforming it from a formal procedure based on collecting evidence into a sustainable institutional practice reflected in learning outcomes. The results also revealed several challenges, including administrative centralization, weak quality culture, limited professional qualification, and excessive paperwork requirements. The research recommended adopting the Lean Digital Accreditation model, enhancing school autonomy, and building a quality culture grounded in excellence and continuous improvement to support the achievement of Saudi Vision 2030 objectives.
Spatial Modeling of Land Degradation Index (LDI) Using Geographic Artificial Intelligence in Al-Anbar Governorate – Iraq
This study aims to monitor, assess, and analyze Land Degradation (LDI) in the study area for the year 2025 using remote sensing techniques. The study was based on extracting a set of environmental indicators, namely NDBSI, NDMI, NDVI, and LST, for the years 2015 and 2025. These indicators were integrated to produce the 2025 land degradation map. In addition, a predictive modeling approach was conducted to forecast land degradation for the year 2030 using Geographic Artificial Intelligence (GeoAI) in order to understand the temporal trends of environmental change and identify the future trajectory of land degradation within the study area. The prediction results generated by the Random Forest model indicated an increase in the area classified as moderate land degradation from 60.79% in 2025 to 66.90% in 2030, while the area experiencing high land degradation is projected to increase from 0.07% to 1.30%. These findings suggest a future trend toward intensified land degradation if the current environmental conditions persist.
Teaching practices for mathematics teachers that support development Reasoning Algebra and sense making for middle school students
The study aimed to investigate the level of mathematics teachers' instructional practices that support the development of algebraic reasoning and sense-making among middle school female students. The study sample consisted of 240 mathematics teachers from middle schools in Jeddah. The study adopted the descriptive survey approach, and data were collected using a questionnaire consisting of three dimensions. The findings revealed that the overall level of instructional practices supporting the development of algebraic reasoning and sense-making was high, with most practices rated as "Always," whereas practices related to connecting algebra with geometry and mathematical modeling using functions were rated as "Often." The study recommended integrating learning activities and tasks into middle school mathematics curricula that promote connections between algebra and geometry, as well as mathematical modeling using functions, to support the development of algebraic reasoning and sense-making.
Linguistic levels and their semantic manifestations in Ka‘b ibn Zuhayr’s poem “Banat Su‘ad”
This study aims to investigate the linguistic levels and their semantic manifestations in Ka‘b ibn Zuhayr’s poem “Banat Su‘ad”, through a linguistic and analytical approach that examines the interaction among phonological, morphological, syntactic, lexical, semantic, and rhetorical levels, and explores their contribution to meaning construction and the formation of the poetic experience. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach, complemented by a contextual approach, by analyzing linguistic phenomena within their textual contexts, identifying their semantic, aesthetic, and psychological functions, and relating them to the overall structure of the poem. The findings demonstrate that the poem is based on an integrated linguistic structure in which its various levels interact to produce meaning. The phonological and rhythmic dimensions contribute significantly to expressing the poet’s psychological transformations, while morphological forms and syntactic structures organize the temporal and semantic movement of the text. The lexical and semantic analysis further reveals the multiplicity and interrelation of semantic fields, particularly those associated with separation, longing, journey, fear, strength, apology, praise, security, and reassurance. The study also demonstrates that rhetorical imagery does not merely serve an aesthetic function; rather, it plays a fundamental role in intensifying meaning and embodying the poet’s psychological experience. The study concludes that the multiplicity of poetic purposes in “Banat Su‘ad” does not undermine its organic and semantic unity, as its various sections are integrated within a gradual psychological trajectory that begins with separation and longing, proceeds through journey, fear, and anxiety, and ultimately culminates in apology, hope, security, and reassurance. The study argues that analyzing linguistic levels provides an effective approach to uncovering the deeper structure of poetic texts and illuminating the interaction among language, meaning, context, and psychological experience in classical Arabic poetry.
Personal Data Protection Laws in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Their Impact on the Development of Digital Media Applications
This study analyses the legal framework for personal data protection in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia—represented by the Personal Data Protection Law (PDPL) issued by Royal Decree No. (M/19), its amendments and Implementing Regulations—and examines its impact on the development of digital media applications, comparing it with the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) to identify points of convergence and divergence. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical and comparative approach based on the analysis of legislative texts, regulations, scholarly literature and specialised reports, and draws on Communication Privacy Management (CPM) theory to interpret the relationship between users and applications in light of the privacy variable. The study concludes that the Saudi law represents a significant legislative milestone that aligns with many international standards—in its reliance on consent, the rights it affords data subjects, its security and breach-notification requirements, and its regulation of cross-border transfers—overseen by the Saudi Data and Artificial Intelligence Authority (SDAIA) through a body of regulations, guidelines and sanctions. Nevertheless, the law imposes on digital-media application developers challenges relating to technical and regulatory compliance, to balancing data minimisation with content personalisation, to the cost of compliance for start-ups, and to cross-border transfers and reliance on third-party services. The study recommends strengthening the regulatory framework and issuing practical guidelines, providing technical and legal support to developers, embedding privacy by design, and raising legal awareness, so as to support a secure digital media environment consistent with the objectives of Saudi Vision 2030.
The Dialectic of Presence and Absence of Theatre in Arab Culture
This study examines the dialectic of presence and absence in Arab theatre as one of the central issues in Arab critical discourse. It explores the debate surrounding the existence of theatre in Arab culture by examining the divergent critical perspectives that either affirm its deep roots in the Arab cultural heritage or regard it as a modern phenomenon that emerged through contact with the West. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach to investigate the theatrical phenomenon and trace its historical and intellectual development, beginning with the performative and spectacular forms embedded in the Arab heritage, followed by the formative stages of modern Arab theatre, and then addressing the issues of identity, authenticity, and Arabization, before finally considering the current state of Arab theatre and the prospects for its presence in light of contemporary cultural and technological transformations. The study concludes that the dialectic of presence and absence is not primarily a question of affirming or denying the existence of theatre; rather, it stems from differing conceptions of theatre and the criteria by which it is defined. It further argues that many traditional forms constitute performative and spectacular precursors that do not meet the institutional and artistic requirements of theatre in its modern sense. Although modern Arab theatre has succeeded in establishing a significant cultural presence, it continues to face challenges related to identity, social effectiveness, and its ability to renew its expressive forms and respond to contemporary transformations, thereby strengthening its role as a cultural practice that contributes to the production of knowledge, the development of critical awareness, and the promotion of dialogue.
The role of artificial intelligence in digital media disinformation and its implications for security decision-making strategies in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
This research examines the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in amplifying the phenomenon of digital disinformation and its implications for security decision-making strategies in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The study begins with the increasing use of generative AI techniques in producing highly realistic and misleading digital content, such as synthetic texts, fake images, deepfake videos, and algorithmically and robotically driven digital campaigns. This makes distinguishing between genuine and fabricated content increasingly difficult. The study's significance lies in the connection between digital disinformation and national and information security. The dissemination of misleading or distorted information can influence public opinion, disrupt the information environment, and weaken the quality of security decisions if based on inaccurate data. The study focuses on the Saudi context within the framework of the Kingdom's rapid digital transformation under Vision 2030, and the accompanying increasing reliance on data and modern technologies to support security decision-making. This study aims to analyze the role of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in producing and disseminating digital disinformation, identifying its most prominent forms and methods, and measuring its impact on the efficiency and effectiveness of security decision-making. It also seeks to assess the readiness of security institutions and decision-makers to confront these threats. Furthermore, the study aims to propose practical mechanisms to mitigate the impact of digital disinformation by enhancing technological awareness, developing early detection tools, and employing counter-AI technologies within the national security framework.
Abdulrahman Mohammed Abdulrahman Al-Yaeesh
Parental Perceptions of the Impact of Having a Child with Autism Spectrum Disorder on Siblings’ Marriage Prospects: A Field Study in Ramallah, Palestine
This study examined parental perceptions of how having a child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may influence the marriage prospects of other children in the same family in Ramallah, Palestine. The topic is socially sensitive in a context where marriage remains closely tied to family reputation, kinship networks, and long-term social security. A descriptive-analytical design was used. Data were collected from 50 parents of children with ASD through a structured questionnaire covering demographic characteristics and four substantive domains: psychological impact, social impact, economic burden, and family adaptation. Descriptive analysis showed consistently high levels of psychological stress, future-oriented worry, and emotional exhaustion among parents. Respondents also reported substantial social pressure, including reduced participation in community life, perceived lack of social acceptance, and concern that the presence of a child with ASD could negatively affect the marriage opportunities of siblings. Economic strain was another prominent pattern, with families reporting heavy therapy and rehabilitation costs and, in some cases, reduced work participation by one caregiver. At the same time, many families described adaptive responses, including shared caregiving responsibilities, the development of coping strategies, and stronger internal family solidarity. The findings suggest that the perceived effect on siblings’ marriage prospects is shaped less by autism itself than by stigma, misconceptions about heredity, and community attitudes toward disability. The paper recommends awareness initiatives, psychosocial support for families, and policy measures that reduce stigma and strengthen inclusion in Palestinian society.
The relationship between the emotional intelligence of managers and digital burnout among teachers in light of the digital transformation of education in Lebanon
The study aimed to examine the relationship between a principal's emotional intelligence and teachers' digital burnout in the context of Lebanon's digital transformation of education. A mixed-methods approach was adopted—specifically, a sequential explanatory design. The quantitative component employed a descriptive-correlational method to describe the relationship between the two variables using a questionnaire, while the qualitative component utilized a descriptive-analytical method to analyze responses from interviews with principals. The study population consisted of a simple random sample of 231 intermediate-level teachers from selected schools, whereas the purpose of the interviews comprised five intermediate school principals. A questionnaire, designed specifically for the study, was distributed to the participants. The results revealed a relationship between the principal's emotional intelligence and teachers' digital burnout at significance levels of α=0.01 and α=0.05. A statistically significant inverse effect of emotional intelligence on digital burnout was observed, with a regression coefficient B = -0.398 (t = -5.697); this effect is supported by the 95% BCa confidence intervals, which range from -0.529 to —0.255 and do not include zero. Furthermore, the results indicated an inverse correlation between the principal's ability to regulate emotions and teachers' digital burnout, with a correlation coefficient of -0.151. The results revealed no statistically significant differences in teachers' digital burnout by gender, as the p-value was 0.817 (greater than 0.05). Similarly, regarding the experience variable, the significance value was 0.831 (greater than 0.05). However, regarding the skill level variable, the results showed statistically significant differences in teachers' digital burnout, with a significance value of 0.006 (less than 0.05). The study offered several recommendations, including organizing training programs and workshops for school principals focused on emotional intelligence skills; fostering a healthy school climate characterized by appreciation and psychological and professional support to mitigate digital burnout; providing technological support to teachers to alleviate digital-related pressures and enhance their digital competencies; and conducting periodic assessments of teachers' levels of digital burnout.
Hybridization between Music and Image in Cinema: A Medio-logical Approach
When the eye meets the ear, a hybrid artistic form is born, where visual and auditory languages merge to create new forms of expression. " The concept of hybridity, in its original linguistic sense, refers to the combination of two distinct elements to produce a new composite form that brings together their respective characteristics. This concept has moved from the field of biology to the domains of the humanities and the arts, becoming one of the fundamental notions for understanding the transformations of contemporary creativity and the intersection of artistic genres and media. Cinema, as a composite art form based on the interaction of image, sound, movement, and time, represents one of the most significant fields in which artistic hybridization processes are manifested. This research examines the hybridity between the two media of music and image within cinematic discourse, by analysing the interactive relationship between the auditory and visual dimensions. This relationship is not limited to mere accompaniment or parallelism; rather, it contributes to the shared production of aesthetic and expressive meaning. The study is guided by a central research question: How does the hybridization of music and image contribute to the production of a cinematic language that transcends traditional boundaries between the arts? And how can this interaction be understood through the mediological approach of Régis Debray, which considers the medium not merely as a vehicle for meaning, but as an active element in its production and in shaping modes of perception and reception?
The Impact of a Counseling Training Program on Developing Psychological Hardiness and Decision-Making Accuracy among Iraqi Football Referees
The Impact of a Counseling Training Program on Developing Psychological Hardiness and Decision-Making Accuracy among Iraqi Football Referees. Psychological preparation is a decisive factor for football referees in managing matches and coping with increasing pressures. Psychological hardiness acts as a protective shield, enabling referees to view difficulties as challenges rather than threats. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a proposed counseling training program in developing psychological hardiness dimensions (Commitment, Control, and Challenge) and enhancing decision-making accuracy among Iraqi football referees. An experimental approach was employed using an equal-groups design (experimental and control) with pre- and post-tests. The sample consisted of (50) first-class referees in Baghdad. Data were collected using the Psychological Hardiness Scale (Mukhaimer, 2006), a cognitive test for officiating situations, and an international decision-making accuracy form. Findings revealed significant post-test improvements in the experimental group, with overall psychological hardiness and decision-making accuracy levels increasing substantially compared to the control group. A statistically significant positive correlation was found between the development of commitment/challenge dimensions and enhanced decision accuracy. Conclusion: The proposed counseling program effectively contributes to building referees' psychological stability, leading to higher field performance quality and faster information processing without hesitation.
Obstacles to Strategic Planning at the Higher Institute for Teacher Training in Abéché, Chad
This study investigated the obstacles to strategic planning at the Higher Institute for Teacher Training in Abéché, Chad. A descriptive-analytical research design was employed, and data were collected from a randomly selected sample of 56 participants using a structured questionnaire. Secondary data were obtained from relevant literature and documentary sources. The data were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), applying descriptive statistical techniques, including frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations. The findings indicate that all identified obstacles to strategic planning exerted a moderate level of influence, with an overall mean score of 2.32. Technical obstacles emerged as the most significant, particularly the limited capacity to use modern technologies and equipment and the inability to keep pace with contemporary developments required for effective strategic planning. Human resource obstacles ranked second and included a shortage of qualified personnel to implement strategic plans and the limited involvement of teachers in the strategic planning process. Administrative obstacles were reflected in the prioritization of short-term operational objectives over long-term strategic goals. Organizational obstacles ranked last and were associated with the failure to prioritize strategic planning as an institutional function and the limited participation of different administrative units in the development of strategic plans.
The Geography of Smart Cities: A Review of Urban Frameworks, Infrastructures, and Socio-Spatial Challenges
The concept of smart city has moved from a technology-driven marketing narrative to an established paradigm in contemporary urban geography and planning. This analysis critically investigates the geographical features of smart city development and how digital infrastructures are transforming urban areas, socio-spatial interactions and governance systems. This study provides a comprehensive geographical framework for comprehending smart cities in terms of urban morphology, spatial justice, digital inequalities and territorial governance through a systematic examination of more than 80 peer-reviewed papers (2015-2026). Three central geographical issues are discussed in the review: first, the development of uneven urban landscapes characterised by differential access and participation through smart city technologies; second, the spatial distribution of digital infrastructures as a reflection and reproduction of existing socio-economic inequalities; and third, the need for place-based approaches sensitive to local cultural, economic and geographic specificities in successful implementation of smart city initiatives. The study finishes with a discussion of key objectives for future research in geography on smart urbanism, including the importance of comparative spatial analysis, a focus on ordinary urban experiences and the convergence of sustainability and justice agendas.
The effect of the enhanced cluster learning strategy on formal thinking in mathematics among middle school female students
The current research aims to investigate the effect of the enhanced cluster learning strategy on formal thinking in mathematics among middle school female students. To achieve this objective, the experimental method was employed, and the study was conducted during the first semester of the 2024/2025 academic year on a stratified random sample. The sample consisted of 80 second-grade female students from Al-Muruj Al-Khadraa Secondary School, affiliated with the Baghdad Al-Rusafa II Directorate of Education. The sample was divided equally into two groups: 40 students in the experimental group and 40 in the control group. The equivalence of the two groups was verified using an intelligence test and a prior knowledge test. The researcher employed a post-formal thinking test, which included 20 multiple-choice items. The validity and reliability of the test were confirmed. The students' responses were analyzed using an independent samples t-test. The results indicated that the mean score of the experimental group was 12.90 with a standard deviation of 3.801, while the control group had a mean score of 6.93 with a standard deviation of 3.504. The calculated t-value was 7.310, which is higher than the critical t-value of 2 at a significance level of 0.05 and a degree of freedom of 78. The result indicates that the experimental group significantly outperformed the control group in the post-test of formal thinking skills. The researcher suggested using the improved cluster learning strategy for teaching mathematics to students of all ages, helping them learn formal thinking skills and how to use them, emphasizing methods that build formal thinking, and taking into account the number of students when creating math programs.
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The Role of Government Digital Transformation Initiatives in Promoting Beneficiaries’ Right of Access to Information in Saudi Arabia
This study aims to examine the role of government digital transformation initiatives in promoting beneficiaries’ right of access to information in Saudi Arabia. It is situated within the rapid technological transformations that have reshaped the relationship between government institutions and the public, making access to information a key indicator of transparency, accountability, and the quality of public services. The study is grounded in a central research problem concerning the extent to which government digital initiatives and platforms enable beneficiaries to access information and data easily, fairly, and clearly, while also identifying the legislative, regulatory, and procedural challenges that may limit the effective exercise of this right. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach by examining the theoretical and regulatory frameworks related to digital transformation and the right of access to information. It also reviews major government digital initiatives and platforms in Saudi Arabia, including service platforms, electronic portals, and open data platforms. In addition, the study employs a questionnaire to measure beneficiaries’ perceptions of government digital services, particularly in relation to ease of access to information, clarity of available data, effectiveness of digital services in supporting their right to know, and their overall satisfaction with these initiatives. The significance of this study lies in linking digital transformation as a national strategic project with the right of access to information as a key enabler of transparency, good governance, and public participation. The study seeks to assess the effectiveness of digital initiatives in narrowing the gap between regulatory frameworks and practical implementation, while highlighting their role in enhancing disclosure, facilitating access to data, and strengthening beneficiaries’ trust in government entities. It also offers scholarly insights that may contribute to the development of digital policies, the improvement of information access mechanisms, and the enhancement of government digital services in alignment with the objectives of Saudi Vision 2030.
Government Digital Transformation Initiatives
Institutional Communication as an Approach to Strengthening Governance in Organizations: An Analytical Study of the Relationship between the Quality of Institutional Communication and Governance Enhancement
This study aims to examine the role of effective institutional communication in establishing and strengthening corporate governance in Saudi Arabia, particularly in light of contemporary efforts to improve the business environment, enhance institutional performance, and promote the principles of transparency, accountability, and participation in alignment with Saudi Vision 2030. The study is grounded in a central research problem: the implementation of governance principles within institutions cannot be achieved merely through regulations and administrative structures; rather, it requires an effective communication system that ensures the accurate, clear, and timely flow of information among management, employees, and stakeholders, while supporting trust-building and sound decision-making. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach by addressing the concept of institutional communication, its objectives, patterns, characteristics, and organizational functions, alongside an analysis of governance, its objectives, features, determinants, and implementation mechanisms. It also seeks to clarify the relationship between the quality of institutional communication and the enhancement of governance principles, particularly transparency, accountability, participation, institutional trust, crisis management, and the promotion of a governance-oriented organizational culture. The significance of this study lies in presenting a conceptual framework that connects institutional communication as a strategic management function with governance as an administrative and supervisory system aimed at improving performance, ensuring integrity, promoting fairness, and achieving sustainability. The study concludes that the quality of institutional communication is a fundamental condition for the successful implementation of governance. Effective communication contributes to reducing ambiguity, clarifying roles and responsibilities, enhancing employee participation, limiting rumors, and strengthening stakeholders’ trust in the institution. The study also emphasizes the importance of developing internal and external communication channels, investing in digital technologies, and improving communication skills among leaders and employees to ensure more effective application of governance principles within Saudi institutions.
Family Counseling and Its Role in Addressing the Phenomenon of Divorce: A Descriptive-Analytical Study on a Sample of Clients at Mawaddah Family Development Association in Jeddah
This study aimed to identify the prominent causes of divorce from the perspective of social workers and family counselors in Saudi society. It also sought to determine the post-divorce repercussions on the family and examine the role of family counseling in mitigating this phenomenon. The study adopted the social survey method as an appropriate research methodology. A questionnaire was utilized as the primary tool for data collection, administered to a sample of (30) practitioners and specialists in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The findings of the study revealed that the most significant cause of divorce lies in separation occurring after a long marriage due to the accumulation of unresolved issues, which ranked first with a mean of (2.91). Furthermore, the most prominent post-divorce effect on the family was the compounded negative impact on children's stability in the event of weak regulatory agreements between parents, with a mean of (2.87). The results also indicated that the role of family counseling emerges as a decisive factor in reducing divorce, led by the importance of having highly qualified family practitioners and counselors, which yielded a high mean of (2.93). Additionally, the findings showed that all items under the dimension of family counseling’s role in mitigating divorce received a general response level of "Agree." Based on these results, the study recommended the necessity of activating joint coordination pathways between judicial authorities and family counseling centers. It also emphasized designing intensive rehabilitation and therapeutic programs that enhance conflict-resolution and dispute-management skills for spouses, addressing a potential lack of family awareness regarding these aspects.
The Impact of Digital Strategic Communication on the Effectiveness of Corporate Crisis Management and its Effect on the Corporate Image in the Digital Media Environment
This study examines the role of digital strategic communication in crisis management for organizations and its impact on building the organization's public image within the evolving digital media landscape. The study employs dialogic communication theory as a theoretical framework to explain the nature of interaction between organizations and their audiences across digital platforms, particularly during crises. To achieve its objectives, the study utilized a quantitative approach, employing a questionnaire as the primary data collection tool from a sample of social media users in Dammam, Saudi Arabia. The study aimed to identify the relationship between digital strategic communication and the effectiveness of organizational crisis management, as well as its impact on the public's perception of organizations. The results demonstrated a clear positive correlation between digital strategic communication and effective crisis management. Furthermore, the study revealed that an organization's success in managing its crises directly translates into improved public image. The findings also indicated that digital strategic communication not only supports crisis management but can also directly influence the organization's public image by fostering interaction with the public and providing accurate, clear, and transparent information during a crisis. In light of these findings, the study underscores the importance of organizations adopting digital communication strategies based on genuine dialogue and interaction with their audiences across digital platforms. This has a significant impact on building trust and enhancing the organization's public image in the contemporary media landscape.
The Emirati Family as a Protective System: The Sociology of Intellectual Immunity in the Face of Fluidity in Contemporary Religious Discourse
This study examines the Emirati family as a protective social system confronting what has come to be known as the "fluidity of contemporary religious discourse" - a condition in which stable intellectual and religious reference points recede under the pressure of digital openness and the accelerating flow of information. This phenomenon generates multiplicity of channels, diversity of platforms, and fragmented responses, leaving individuals susceptible to rapidly shifting and contradictory ideas. The study proceeds from the premise that the family, as the primary social institution, plays a pivotal role in building a value system and shaping sound religious awareness, thereby contributing to the intellectual immunisation of individuals against the unstable ideological influences generated by digital globalisation and the proliferation of religious knowledge sources. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical methodology supported by an explanatory sequential mixed-methods design. This involved two complementary phases: a quantitative phase using a questionnaire administered to a sample of thirty guardians, and a qualitative phase comprising semi-structured interviews with ten to fifteen specialists from relevant governmental and academic bodies. Findings revealed a high degree of "cognitive vigilance" among Emirati families, with 83.3% demonstrating awareness of the risks of digital fluidity and the proliferation of reference sources. At the same time, the study identified a significant "practice gap": actual digital monitoring did not exceed 53.3%, and 71% of guardians reported deficiencies in digital privacy skills. Results further indicated a high level of trust in official national institutions, reaching 80%, reinforcing an integrative model that links the family system to the institutional apparatus of the state. The study produced a proposed strategic framework entitled "The Fortified Fortress" (Al-Hisn Al-Haseen), grounded in five principles: protective empowerment, organic institutional integration, anticipatory action, national reference, and sustainability. Recommendations were directed at stakeholders and included: establishing a national coordinating council for intellectual immunity; launching programmes for digital parenting competence; developing cognitive discernment curricula in educational institutions; and creating interactive advocacy platforms designed to engage youth in the language of the digital age.
The Technological Approaches and Their Role in Developing Speaking and Writing Skills among Learners of the Arabic Language: A Descriptive and Analytical Study in Consideration of the Challenges of Digital Integration
Computing represents one of the most significant modern technological media, playing a vital role in fostering creative thinking, problem-solving, and learner skill development. Language education is a field that demands constant renewal and innovation in the processes of knowledge delivery and acquisition through the most advanced contemporary methods, with the goal of achieving effective and sustainable learning. Many world languages have successfully attained their pedagogical objectives through the integration of modern technological tools, most notably English, which serves as a living model of such success. Owing to its global reach, adaptability, and linguistic flexibility, English has become deeply embedded in diverse linguistic communities, exerting a profound influence across all spheres of life and solidifying its status as a dominant global language (Crystal, 2012; Warschauer, 2013). By contrast, the Arabic language today faces a series of crises and challenges, particularly in its teaching and learning, and especially among non-native speakers (Alrabai, 2020). The acquisition of any language relies fundamentally on the mastery of its core skills; therefore, this study focuses on the productive skills, speaking and writing, as the primary communicative channels that manifest the learner’s ability to express meaning both orally and in written form (Bygate, 2018). Through a descriptive and analytical lens, this research explores how technological approaches can enhance these skills within the broader framework of digital integration, highlighting pedagogical implications for Arabic language instruction in the modern era.
Patterns of Saudi Audience Interaction with AI-Generated Content and Their Implications for the Nature of Digital Relationships in Saudi Society
This study aims to examine the relationship between patterns of Saudi audience interaction with AI-generated content and their implications for the nature of digital relationships within Saudi society. The study is grounded in a central research problem: the accelerating reliance of individuals and institutions on algorithmic content, including personalized advertisements, intelligent visual designs, and interactive chatbots, and the resulting transformations in social communication patterns, digital family cohesion, digital value systems, and levels of cyber social trust and safety. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical method within a quantitative research framework, using an electronic questionnaire as the main tool for data collection. The target population consists of Saudi users of digital platforms and artificial intelligence applications. A random sample of no fewer than 384 respondents is proposed, based on the Krejcie and Morgan formula. The study employs a five-point Likert scale to measure respondents’ attitudes toward the dimensions of AI-generated content, including algorithmic personalization, creative and visual attraction, and automated interactivity, as well as their perceived social implications for digital relationships. The significance of this study lies in its attempt to conceptualize “smart digital relationships” as an emerging form of social connection shaped through non-human algorithmic mediation. It also contributes to a deeper understanding of the social, cultural, and security-related implications of audience interaction with intelligent content in Saudi society. Furthermore, the study offers practical insights that may assist media institutions, social organizations, and decision-makers in managing public interaction with artificial intelligence technologies in ways that enhance the quality of human relationships, preserve social values, and support the development of a safe and balanced digital environment in alignment with the objectives of Saudi Vision 2030.
Media Disinformation in Saudi Arabia in the Era of Generative Artificial Intelligence: An Analytical Study of Transformations and Implications for Digital Credibility
This study aims to analyze the transformations introduced by generative artificial intelligence into patterns of media disinformation within the digital environment of Saudi Arabia, and to examine their implications for digital credibility in terms of information accuracy, source independence, and public trust. The study is grounded in a central research problem: the growing ability of generative models to produce hyper-realistic textual and visual content, including fake news, deepfakes, and algorithmically targeted messages. Such developments have made it increasingly difficult to distinguish between truth and fabrication, posing unprecedented professional, ethical, and epistemic challenges for media institutions and digital audiences. The study adopts a media survey method within a descriptive-analytical framework, using a questionnaire as the main tool for collecting quantitative data from a representative sample of social media users in Saudi Arabia. The proposed sample size consists of 384 respondents, determined according to the Krejcie and Morgan formula. The study focuses on measuring users’ exposure to forms of automated disinformation, assessing the impact of generative AI on the dimensions of digital credibility, and exploring users’ perceptions of verification practices and information literacy in confronting synthetic media manipulation. The significance of this study lies in its contribution to bridging a research gap in Arabic and Saudi media scholarship concerning the relationship between generative AI and media disinformation. It also provides an analytical framework that may assist media institutions and policymakers in understanding the risks of synthetic disinformation and in developing technological and awareness-based strategies to strengthen digital credibility and protect the Saudi media space in alignment with national digital transformation and Saudi Vision 2030.